Petroleum products, cleaning products, and glues contain hydrocarbons substances composed largely of hydrogen and carbon. Many children younger than age 5 are poisoned by swallowing petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, and paint thinners, but most recover.
At greater risk are adolescents who intentionally breathe the fumes of glues, paint, solvents, cleaning sprays, gasoline, or fluorocarbons used as refrigerants or propellants in aerosols to become intoxicated, a type of substance use called huffing, bagging, sniffing, glue sniffing, or volatile substance use Volatile Solvents Volatile solvents are liquids that easily vaporize into a gas.
When inhaled, the gas can cause a state of intoxication and long-term nerve and organ damage. Volatile solvents are found in many Such inhalation may cause fatal irregular heartbeats or cardiac arrest, especially after exertion or stress. Repeated inhalation of toluene a component of some of these products can damage parts of the brain.
Some hydrocarbon products also contain poisonous additives such as methanol or lead. Swallowed hydrocarbons cause coughing and choking, which allows the hydrocarbon liquid to enter the airways and irritate the lungs, a serious condition in itself chemical pneumonitis Chemical Pneumonitis Aspiration pneumonia is lung infection caused by inhaling mouth secretions, stomach contents, or both.
Chemical pneumonitis is lung irritation caused by inhalation of substances irritating or Lung involvement is a particular problem with thin, easy-flowing hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, which is used in furniture polish, and others, including gasoline. Severe poisoning also can affect the brain, heart, bone marrow, and kidneys. Thick, less-runny hydrocarbons such as lamp oil and motor oil are less likely to enter the lungs but can cause severe and persistent irritation if they do.
A person who gets high by breathing hydrocarbon fumes may die suddenly from fatal irregular heartbeats or cardiac arrest. A person usually coughs and chokes after swallowing or inhaling hydrocarbons.
A burning sensation can develop in the stomach, and the person may vomit. If the lungs are affected, the person continues to cough intensely. Breathing becomes rapid, and the skin may become bluish cyanosis Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from an inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis occurs when oxygen-depleted deoxygenated blood, which is bluish rather than Young children may have cyanosis, hold their breath, and cough persistently.
Sometimes difficulty breathing does not develop until many hours after the hydrocarbons enter the lungs. Hydrocarbon ingestion also causes neurologic symptoms, including drowsiness, poor coordination, stupor or coma, and seizures. Paint residue on the hands or around the mouth may suggest recent paint sniffing. The major hydrocarbon sources are petroleum and petroleum combustion; however, their emission sources can be classified as phytogenic natural , petrogenic, and pyrogenic.
To recognize pollutant type and migration, circumstances play a key role for their origin [ 12 ]. Hydrocarbons can enter to the environment via dispersion, evaporation, dissolution, adsorption, and other processes including petroleum and petroleum combustion [ 13 , 14 ].
Petrogenic sources generally pollute groundwater and threaten the environment because petrogenic source products including lubricants and fuels leak from the tanks and release into the environment [ 15 ]. The USEPA specified 16 priority PAHs in a petroleum source, namely, alkylated naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and chrysene series [ 16 ]. The pyrogenic PAHs are produced during the fuel combustion because there are suitable conditions that are high temperature and absence of oxygen.
Also, pyrolysis of fat and incomplete combustion besides power plants are the most prominent hydrocarbon sources [ 17 ]. Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are a significant environmental concern due to their extensive use and toxic mechanism action, and these products are highly available in aquatic medium [ 18 , 19 ]. Industrial activities and chemical plants produce PAHs, and they are considered as petrogenic and natural PAH sources [ 20 ].
During fat pyrolysis and incomplete combustion processes, anthropogenic emissions of PAHs are released into the environment [ 7 , 8 ]. On the other hand, PAH sources were classified as natural, industrial, domestic, agricultural, and mobile by Ravindra et al. Hydrocarbons are usually generated by various sources including wildfires, oil seepages, volcanic activities, and other sources. Moreover, these natural hydrocarbons are mainly produced during organic material chemical conversions in microorganisms, fungi, plants, sediments, etc.
Recent studies have recognized the effects of toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of hydrocarbons. Increasing contamination level of these pollutants in environment especially in aquatic media is a significant environmental concern because they are used frequently and show environmental toxic effects [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The most of PAHs have been banned by health authorities due to their long half-life, wide distribution, and high bioaccumulation in the food chain, as well as their potential for toxicity to humans, because these compounds are highly lipid soluble and these toxic chemicals can bioaccumulate from environment to the gastrointestinal tract of mammals [ 25 , 31 ].
When animals and humans are exposed to hydrocarbons, it is probable that they have various health problems because they are vulnerable and endangered against these components. Research on some hydrocarbons including benzo[ a ]pyrene, pyrene, and benzo[ a ]anthracene have revealed that these compounds have carcinogenic and mutagenic effect [ 7 , 8 , 11 , 32 , 33 ]. During certain time frameworks and under given conditions, assessment of environmental impact is a very important systematic process.
To measure the actual or potential impacts including psychosocial, physical, microbiological, and chemical hazard on the health case of humans or environment has a vital role [ 34 , 35 , 36 ].
After the obtained series of critical data from monitoring studies, quantitative environmental impact assessment EIA can be made. To provide better view for evaluating POP exposure and their adverse health effect on environment and human requires critical data obtained from the environment [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The EIA has several key stages, and it covers the risk level of all types of ecosystems. These stages are summarized in Figure 2.
The EIA includes all activities which attempt to analyze and evaluate the effects of human stresses on natural and anthropogenic environments [ 36 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. As a health care setting, UConn Health still requires face masks and physically distancing inside our facilities. More than half of all poisonings, well over one million in the United States each year, involve children under the age of six.
Over 55, of these poisonings involve small children swallowing hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are a broad group of chemicals that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are found in every home. Gasoline, kerosene, lamp oil and furniture oil are all examples of hydrocarbons. If someone accidentally drinks a hydrocarbon product and it enters the lungs, breathing problems can develop.
Serious injury or even death may result. Hydrocarbons are oily liquids. Many are not harmful unless the oily liquid gets into the lungs. When a hydrocarbon gets into the stomach, it usually passes through the body with little more than burping and an episode of diarrhea.
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